Japan has
the most advanced early warning system for earthquakes and tsunami in the
world, but that did not prevent 15,885 people from losing their lives in Tōhoku
following the fifth largest earthquake ever recorded. Many of these fatalities were caused by
inadequate local knowledge (see: Reiko Hasegawa, IDDRI)
and poor communication (See: S. Fraser, et al., Report).
While the
triple disaster of 3/11 was terrifying enough for the hearing population of
Japan, imagine how exponentially more terrifying it must have been for the deaf
community. It was exactly this thought
that spurred deaf documentarian Ayako
Imamura (Studio Aya) to pick up her camera and drive to Miyagi Prefecture to find out
how the deaf community was coping in the aftermath of the
earthquake/tsunami. Her first stop was
the Miyagi Deaf Association, led by Shoju
Koizumi, who from their headquarters in Sendai immediately sprang into
action to assist their 363 members.
Imamura
focuses her documentary film The
Connecting Bridge: 3/11 That Wasn’t Heard (架け橋～聞こえなかった3.11
/ Kakehashi - Kikoenakatta 3.11, 2013) on
the heart-rending stories of some of those members who survived. Although many of them had received warnings
of the imminent earthquake on their cellphones, in the immediate aftermath of
the earthquake cellular communication went out of service. Not only was this means of communication cut
off, but deaf people were also unable to hear the tsunami warning sirens. This meant that only those people who had
thoughtful and concerned neighbours and family members were able to
evacuate.
In Iwanuma
City, Imamura meets Teruo Sai and
his wife, Naoko Sai, who for forty
years have run a barbershop about 2 kilometres from the ocean. The clock in their barbershop has stopped at
the time of the earthquake. Their shop
is covered in mud and debris from the tsunami.
The Sais were unable to hear the announcements and by the time they
realised that the tsunami was upon them it was too late to evacuate to the
elementary school because the water was already rushing down the street. Fortunately, they were able to survive on
the second floor of their house.
The Sais’
friends, Nobuko Kikuchi and her
husband Tokichi Kikuchi, lost their
home altogether. All that remains is the
foundation. If their hearing neighbours
had not taken the time to warn them, the Kikuchis would likely have perished
along with their home. The couple now
live in an evacuation shelter. As they
are the only deaf people in the shelter, they find it very stressful because
they never understand what is going on.
It soon becomes evident that the biggest communication problem is that
the deaf are often too shy – or in a very Japanese way unwilling to
inconvenience others – to let people know what their special needs are. As deafness is not a visible disability, the
hearing community often does not notice that there is a communication
failure.
I was
reminded while watching The Connecting
Bridge of something Marlee Matlin,
the Oscar-winning deaf actress once said: “I hope I inspire people who hear.
Hearing people have the ability to remove barriers that prevent deaf people
from achieving their dreams.” (Source: Business
Week, May 22, 2001). This also
appears to be the mission of Ayako Imamura, who hopes that by telling the
stories of deaf people to inspire hearing people to take notice and to help build
bridges between the hearing and the deaf communities.
Imamura is
not an objective filmmaker but a subjective one who really cares about the
people she is filming. The strong bond
that she develops with the subjects of her film becomes evident when Mrs.
Kikuchi becomes overwhelmed with emotion and Imamura steps in to embrace
her. The confusion and fear felt by
these survivors is truly moving – particularly the story of Enao Kato, an elderly gentleman who
never learned how to read during his wartime childhood. This means that he is unable to read the
instruction manuals for his new property in the evacuation shelter until Mr.
Koizumi comes to assist him.
Koizumi is
the strongest “connecting bridge” in this film, which is why it is so tragic in
the middle of the film when he is struck down by a stroke. His determination to recover from his stroke
so that he can return to helping others in his community is truly inspiring. The small acts of kindness depicted in the
film, from the young volunteers trying to learn basic signs, to the barbershop
customer who waits for the Sais to reopen before getting his hair cut again,
are a reminder of how little it takes to reach out to others in our own
neighbourhoods to make them feel understood and valued. Not only can thinking of the needs of others
spread good will, but when disaster strikes it can also save lives.
Notes from the Q+A with Ayako Imamura
(post-screening at Nippon Connection 2014)
- Imamura bonded with Koizumi, the head of the Miyagi Deaf Association, over a shared love of beer. It also turned out that Koizumi’s hearing daughter is the exact same age as Imamura and Koizumi himself is the same age as Imamura’s own father, so they bonded over this coincidence as well.
- Regarding the soundtrack: someone asked why she had used a male narrator when she, the director, is female. Imamura responded that she chose a male narrator because the central story for her was that of Koizumi. His own personal story begins and ends the film, and without him she would never had met the people he and the Miyagi Deaf Association were assisting.
- Regarding the music: The closing of the film features the song “Not Alone” (1人じゃない / Hitori ja nai) by Kazuhiro Kojima quite prominently. Imamura chose this song because she liked the lyrics so much and felt that they fit the message she was trying to get across with her film. [It did not come up in the Q+A but I should note that Kazuhiro Kojima wrote the song “Not Alone” for the survivors of the Tōhoku disaster so its meaning resonates quite deeply for a Japanese audience (See: Vimeo). Kojima is also the male narrator of the film.]
- Imamura’s film training in the States was actually on film, so she taught herself how to use digital technology.
- Imamura expressed her fear of communicating with people who do not know how to sign. Through her documentaries she has learned from other members of the deaf community about how to overcome these fears. In particular, she mentioned how inspirational Tatsuro Ota, the surf shop owner who was the subject of her documentary Coffee and Pencil (珈琲とエンピツ, 2011) has been to her in the way that he builds communication bridges between himself and his hearing customers.
- Imamura’s current documentary project will profile a deaf family.
Interview with Ayako Imamura
After the Q+A
at Nippon
Connection 2014, I had a chance to
interview Imamura with the assistance of American ASL interpreter Joanna Martin who was flown in from
Berlin for The Connecting Bridge’s
German premiere. You can see the amazing
Joanna at work on YouTube
interpreting an event with Berlin-based American author Michael Lederer
into DGS (German Sign Language / Deutsche
Gebärdensprache). Imamura’s mother
was also on hand for assistance with JSL (Japanese Sign Language /日本手話 / Nihon Shuwa). 15 years ago,
Imamura spent a year studying filmmaking in the States and learned ASL while
she was there (there were no courses in ASL available to her in Japan at that
time). She teaches at a school for the
deaf in Japan which has close ties with a school in Manitoba (Anglophone
Canadians also use ASL).
Having grown
up in Canada with co-workers and Easter
Seals campers whose primary language was ASL, I was full of questions for
Imamura about the differences between North American and Japanese deaf
culture. Some interesting facts:
- Japan was slow to introduce universal education for its deaf population. As a result, many elderly people did not learn to read and write or to do standard JSL until later in life. Although Imamura was fuzzy on the dates, she had the impression that until about 30 years ago it was challenging for deaf people to receive a full education.
- When Imamura went to university, it was difficult for her to get assistance with note-taking, etc. This was in stark contrast to her experience at California State University, Northridge, which has a strong deaf community (they are home to the National Center on Deafness). Her experience in the United States seemed to inspire her to fight for more rights in Japan. I noticed on the website of the Japanese Federation of the Deaf that sign language did not get officially recognized as a language by the Japanese federal government until 2011!!
- When Imamura was growing up in the 1980s, closed captioned was not yet available for the deaf community. As a result, she was bored by anime and other television series because she did not understand what was going on. Her saving grace was the introduction of video technology. Although most foreign films and series shown on TV in Japan are dubbed, they have a subbing culture for cinema. Imamura’s father picked up E.T. (1982) from the video store for her when she was little and she loved it. Her early movie education was mainly foreign films because they were the only ones with subtitles when she was growing up. The irony was not lost on Imamura that her native land’s movie and television culture was foreign to her because they did not use closed captioning.
- Modern technology (e-mail, text messaging, etc. has made communication between the deaf and hearing communities a lot easier but there is a major generation gap for elderly people who find new technology challenging. Many of them still use faxes for long distance communication.
- It was clear from the context in The Connecting Bridge that Imamura would have come into contact with the stories of many of the Miyagi Deaf Association’s 363 members, so I asked her how she selected which people to use in the documentary. She told me that she focused on the stories of survivors. A lot of deaf people did not survive the disaster and the grief of their families was too fresh for her to intrude on their lives. There were also many survivors who felt uncomfortable with the presence of a camera / a stranger documenting their difficult circumstances. So, the people that feature in the films were the ones who opened themselves up to Imamura --- I could really feel when watching the film that the director came to care for the individuals she was recording, and that this friendship would likely continue after the film was done.
- The subtitles are very prominent in this film. Imamura chose white with black outline for the narrator. Blue with white outline is used when men are speaking and red with white outline when women are speaking.
The
Connecting Bridge: 3/11 That Wasn’t
Heard
架け橋～聞こえなかった3.11
Kakehashi - Kikoenakatta 3.11
Studio Aya, 74 min.
Catherine Munroe Hotes 2014
