In mid-October every year, local
children gather at Shojoji Temple in Kisarazu, Chiba Prefecture to dance and
drum on their bellies like the legendary tanuki (racoon dogs). The legend is of uncertain origin. It is one of many legends found throughout Japan about the tanuki drumming on their bellies. The locals say that this particular story of tanuki standing
on their hind legs and drumming on their bellies developed from local villagers speculating about the unusual Buddhist music they could here coming from the
temple. The story became widely known in
Japan because of the popular children’s song “Belly Drum Dance at Shojoji
Temple” (證城寺の狸囃子/Shōjōji
no Tanuki-bayashi, 1925). The song began as a poem written by Ujō Noguchi (野口雨情, 1882-1945) in 1919 based upon materials he
gathered during a visit that year to Kisarazu.
The composer Shinpei Nakayama (中山晋平, 1887-1952) set the poem to music in 1925. (Source: Shōjōji Temple History)
In the early 1930s, animation pioneer
Ikuo Ōishi (大石郁雄, 1901-1944) adapted Belly Drum Dance at Shojoji Temple (c.1933) into
a “record talkie” for the studio Banno Shōten (伴野商店). Anyone who is a scholar of early cinema will
tell you that the term “silent cinema” is actually a misnomer. Silent films were never screened
silently. They always had some kind of
sound accompaniment such as a piano, an orchestra, a narrator (benshi) and
sometimes even recorded sound as in the sound-on-disc technologies such as
Gaumont’s Chronomégaphone. Some of the
most delightful films of Japan’s “silent era” are the record talkies (レコードトーキー) that
were made in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
The short animated films were a maximum of 3 - 6 minutes long – Belly Drum Dance at Shojoji Temple has a
running time of only 1’11” – and were designed to be played synchronously with
gramophone records. They often involve
read-along text (The Village Festival and Song of Spring) and dancing characters. The record talkies are an early example of
the now ubiquitous “film tie-in” because people who enjoyed the film could also
buy the SP record.
Lyrics
Sho-Sho-Shojoji, in the garden of
Shojoji!
The moon, the moon is out! Everyone, come out!
We’re all friends! Friends, drum your belly!
Pom poko pon no pon!
Never! Never! Don’t let the monk beat
you!
Come, come! Gather around!
Everyone, come out!
Sho-Sho-Shojoji, the bush clovers of
Shojoji!
Look!
Look at the flowers in the moonlight!
We’re so excited! Friends, drum your belly!
Pom poko pon no pon!
(Source: Digital
Meme DVD)
The sound recording was produced by
Victor Records (ビクターレコード), a subsidiary of the American
company whose Japanese branch (known today as JVC) formed in Yokohama in 1927
but severed ties with its parent company during the Second World War. The recording features the voice of child
star Hideko Hirai (平井英子, b.1918) – a popular singer who also sang Black Cat and Chameko’s Day.
The title screen introduces the animation as a “baby talkie” (ベビートーキー). A “baby talkie”
was actually a kind of gramophone crossed with a Zoetrope that appeared in
Japan in the late 1920s as a kind of “home talking picture experience” (source:
FIAF Symposium
2007). You could watch an animation
loop as your phonograph record plays. I
am not sure what the connection is to Oishi’s animation, but it is definitely something I plan to look
into the next time I’m at the NFC.
Like the song itself, the animation
is simple and repetitive. In addition to
the sweet, cheerful voice of Hideko Hirai, the song is orchestrated with a
piano and other percussion instruments. First
a lone tanuki dances and drums on his belly.
He is then joined by more tanuki who join in the dancing and
drumming. As the song progresses, the
tanuki continue to multiply and make patterns with each other as they
dance. There is a brief cutaway to the silhouette
of a Buddhist monk drumming in the window of the temple – an allusion to the
legend that the tanuki were inspired by the music of the monks of Shojoji Temple. The short short ends with an iris out to an "owari" (the end) title card.
The song is short and sweet, but very
catchy. Here is some sheet music if you would like to sing along or play it yourself. Fans of anime will recognize the “Pom poko
pon no pon!” refrain from the Studio
Ghibli film Pom Poko (Isao Takahata, 1994) about tanuki in
the Tama Hills fighting urban sprawl.
The “pom poko” in the title is a direct reference to the song “Belly
Drum Dance at Shojoji Temple” and the song is sung, with new lyrics, at times of celebration in the film. Just a
cursory web search turns up many more shorts inspired by the
song. This simply executed animation even uses very similar imagery to Oishi’s film including an almost identical
silhouette of a monk beating a drum.
Note 1:
there is some confusion over the exact date this film was released. Digital Meme lists it as 1933, the National Film Centre as in the early 1930s, the imdb has it at 1935 and Wikipedia as 1931.
Note 2: Hideko Hirai's name is credited as "Eiko Hirai" on the Digital Meme DVDs. Although this is a logical error to make, her given name is actually read "Hideko". Remarkably, she still seems to be alive at the ripe old age of 95. Trivia: Hirai retired from singing after her marriage to the composer Seiichi Suzuki (1901-80), who composed the soundtracks to many films including Akira Kurosawa's Sanshiro Sugata (1943)
Catherine Munroe Hotes 2013
Read about other record talkies:
Black Cat (黒ニャゴ, Noburo
Ofuji, 1929)
The Village Festival (村祭, Noburo
Ofuji, 1930)
Song of Spring (春の唄, Noburo
Ofuji, 1931)
The National Anthem: Kimigayo (国歌 君か代, Noburo Ofuji, 1931)
Chameko’s Day (茶目子の一日, Kiyoshi
Nishikura, 1931)
